Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
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• Men and women aged 50–80 years (inclusive) • Inactive (engagement < 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous exercise) • Subjective cognitive symptoms but no dementiaa • One or more CVD risk factors for ADRD or family history of ADRDb • Female participants must be post-menopausal • Able to walk independently outside, as well as up and down the stairs of 20 steps | • Presence of dementia (based on the DSM-5 criteria) or severe cognitive deficits (TICS-M score < 20)a • Absence of CVD risk factors or family history of ADRDb • Diagnosis of severe asthma or COPD (respiratory) • Presence of a developmental handicap • Terminal illness (life expectancy < 1 year) • Not fluent in verbal and written English • History of stroke or serious cardiovascular condition • Current participating in another trial • Comorbid medical or neurological illness that would confound cognitive assessments or make trial completion and unlikelyc • Contraindication for exercise interventions |