Table 2 Exclusion criteria of the VNS-PIE trial

 1. Results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show that epilepsy is caused by intracranial space-occupying lesions

 2. Tumor, cardiopulmonary anomaly, heart failure, progressive neurological diseases, asthma, mental disease, peptic ulcer, diabetes, poor health, and other contraindications to surgery

 3. Vagus nerve lesion or damage

 4. Cannot write the epilepsy diary

 5. Participating in another clinical trial

 6. Cannot complete the operation

 7. Cannot complete the post-operative follow-up

 8. Cannot complete the programming