Table 2 Summary of outcome measures and participant characteristics. Collected weeks 0–1 (baseline) and 12–13 (post-intervention/wait-list controls)
Primary outcome measures | Data collection instrument or method |
|---|---|
Back pain severity | 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRSpain) |
Resting and during activity | |
Pain impact on quality of life (QOL) | Pain medications used |
Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 (SF-36) | |
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) | |
Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) | |
Gait kinematics and kinetics | 3D motion analysis for temporal spatial parameters of gait and trunk away, bilateral (at self-selected velocity, standard velocity) |
Ground reaction forces | |
Muscle strength | 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) on MedX® clinical Machines: abdominal curl, hip adduction, hip abduction, leg press, and lumbar extension |
Muscle morphology | Bilateral B-mode ultrasound measures of muscle thickness and cross-sectional area: multifidus, paraspinals, transversus abdominis, and internal oblique |
Step count | StepWatch® monitor, 7-day average count |
Participant characteristics | Demographics, weight, Body Mass Index, current medical issues, current medications |
Back pain history | |
Pain catastrophizing level (Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)) | |
Kinesiophobia (11-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11)) |