Outcome measures | Description of and validity of measures | Time points |
---|---|---|
Primary outcomes | ||
Maternal sensitivity | Emotional Availability Scales (EA). Observation of behaviours. Score 6 dimensions on a 1 to 7 scale. Validated for international use [79] | Year 1 and year 2 |
Secondary outcomes | ||
Child attachment security | Attachment Q-Set (Q-Set). Observation of behaviours. Score on a continuum of secure to insecure. Good convergent and discriminate validity [40] | Year 2 |
Child cognitive and language development | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Scales, third edition (Bayley-III). Individual administration. Continuous scales produce scores. Validated for UK and Ireland use [43] | Year 2 |
Behavioural problems | Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL).100-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 0 to 2. Validated for international use [45] | Year 2 |
Postponed child-bearing | Mother asked about her pregnancy status. Number of months from baseline to the next pregnancy used for analyses. Extensive use with similar studies (e.g. [1]) | 6 months, year 1, 18 months and year 2 |
Maternal mental health | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression (EPDS).10-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 0 to 3. Validated measure of depression [47] | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
Child quality of life (QoL) | Warwick Child Health and Morbidity Profile (WCHMP). 10-items survey. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculated. Validated with low interobserver variation [49] | Year 1 and year 2 |
Health and social care resource use | Service Use and Support (SUS). 36-item questionnaire. Cost of services calculated with the Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU). Extensive use in clinical studies (e.g. [80]) | Baseline, 6 months, year 1, 18 months and year 2 |
Additional outcome measures | ||
Measurement of temperament | Infant Behaviour Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R). 37-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 1 to 7. Good internal consistency reliability and convergent validity [52] | Year 1 |
Sensitivity scale | Maternal and paternal Sense of Mastery (MSM). 7-item questionnaire. Responses are on a 7-item scale (agreement to disagreement). Extensive use with similar sample of young women [53] | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
Social support | Norbeck Social Support questionnaire (NSSQ). 9-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 0 to 4. Validity and reliability on all measures [57] | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
Infant health outcome | Health records reviewed at the end of the study and data collected on different issues, including hospitalisation and Social Services’ referrals. Extensive use with similar studies (e.g. [1]) | Year 1 and year 2 |
Parental representation of their child | Parent Development Interview – Revised (PDI). 20-item interview. Scores are on a scale of 1 to 9. Validity shows links to adult attachment and child attachment [29, 32, 58, 59] | Year 1 |
Stress within the parenting role | Parental Stress Inventory Short Form (PSI-SF). 36-item questionnaire. Responses are on a 5-point scale (agreement to disagreement). Short Forms show concurrent validity with the full-length PSI [62] | Year 1 and year 2 |
PTSD Checklist Civilian | Posttraumatic stress disorder (PCL-5). 20-item questionnaire Responses are on a scale of 0 to 4. PCL-5 has good psychometric properties [64] | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
State and trait anxiety | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). 40-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 0 to 4. Strong construct and concurrent validity [65, 66] | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
Adult quality of life (QoL) | EuroQol EQ-5D 3 level (EQ-5D-3 L) 6-item questionnaire. Responses are on a scale of 0 to 2. Extensive use for similar study (e.g. [81, 82]) | Baseline, year 1 and year 2 |
Treatment experience | Treatment Experience Questionnaire (TEQ). 15-item questionnaire. Responses are on a 5-point scale. Based on questionnaires used in similar studies [68] | Year 1 and year 2 |