| 1-month follow-up |  |  | 6-month follow-up |  |  | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Control | Intervention | Â | Â | Control | Intervention | Â | Â | ||||||||
 | % or mean | SD | n | % or mean | SD | n | p | d (odds ratio) | % or mean | SD | n | % or mean | SD | n | P | d (odds ratio) |
Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||||||||||
 Portions per day | 3.63 | 1.84 | 691 | 3.84 | 1.95 | 595 | 0.041 | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||
 Metabolic equivalent of task | 3501.75 | 2348.35 | 690 | 3515.20 | 2348.97 | 579 | 0.919 | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
 Units in the last 7 days | 12.06 | 12.01 | 682 | 11.45 | 11.78 | 578 | 0.364 | 0.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Number of days binge drinking in previous 7 days (drinkers only) | 1.02 | 0.90 | 508 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 421 | 0.547 | 0.004 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 564 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 473 | 0.674 | 0.02 |
 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9.32 | 4.94 | 504 | 9.40 | 4.90 | 416 | 0.809 | −0.02 |
 Biochemical marker of alcohol consumption (fatty acid ethyl esters) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.29 | 7.85 | 70 | 5.00 | 4.33 | 63 | 0.038 | 0.35 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||||||
 Has smoked | 51.90 | – | 684 | 52.50 | – | 581 | 0.876 | (1.01) | 54.72 | – | 795 | 53.57 | – | 685 | 0.933 | (0.96) |
 Smoked since attending university | 27.34 | – | 684 | 26.16 | – | 581 | 0.723 | −0.02 (0.97) | 37.16 | – | 783 | 30.70 | – | 671 | 0.016 | 0.11 (0.81) |
 Current smoker | 11.84 | – | 684 | 11.36 | – | 581 | 0.390 | −0.03 (0.96) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Cigarettes smoked per week (smokers only) | 16.21 | 20.11 | 81 | 17.02 | 25.87 | 66 | 0.832 | −0.04 | 19.87 | 28.19 | 74 | 18.30 | 21.75 | 46 | 0.749 | 0.06 |
 Smoking marker (cotinine) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.02 | 6.40 | 70 | 0.38 | 1.49 | 63 | 0.460 | 0.13 |
 Smoking marker (nicotine) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.52 | 11.94 | 70 | 2.91 | 17.96 | 63 | 0.867 | 0.03 |
Other outcomes | ||||||||||||||||
 EQ-5D-3 L | ||||||||||||||||
 Health index scores from EQ-5D-3 L (visual analogue scale) | 0.92 | 0.26 | 663 | 0.91 | 0.24 | 559 | 0.907 | −0.04 | 0.91 | 0.28 | 810 | 0.90 | 0.26 | 702 | 0.262 | −0.04 |
 Health index scores from EQ-5D-3 L (time trade off) | 0.93 | 0.26 | 663 | 0.93 | 0.24 | 559 | 0.873 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.28 | 810 | 0.92 | 0.26 | 702 | 0.208 | −0.04 |
 EQ-5D-3 L visual analogue scale | 78.61 | 13.97 | 669 | 79.47 | 14.07 | 569 | 0.285 | 0.06 | 79.16 | 12.98 | 763 | 78.98 | 13.07 | 657 | 0.791 | −0.01 |
 Recreational drug use | ||||||||||||||||
 Have taken recreational drugs (single sample count method) | 4.84 | 8.83 | 708 | 4.00 | 9.61 | 608 | 0.450 | 0.11 | 23.18 | 11.18 | 586 | 21.78 | 12.00 | 493 | 0.556 | 0.04 |
 Have taken recreational drugs (biochemical marker) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55.71 | - | 70 | 52.38 | – | 63 | 0.717 | (0.88) |
 Body mass index | ||||||||||||||||
 Self-report | 21.63 | 1.70 | 591 | 21.52 | 1.77 | 491 | 0.302 | 0.06 | 22.00 | 2.38 | 698 | 21.84 | 2.44 | 596 | 0.231 | 0.07 |
 Objective |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21.79 | 2.54 | 70 | 22.43 | 3.49 | 63 | 0.255 | −0.20 |
 Health service usage | ||||||||||||||||
 Times visited general practitioner in previous 6 months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.48 | 2.31 | 532 | 1.48 | 0.11 | 449 | 0.973 | 0.00 |
 General practitioner offered alcohol intervention |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.90 | – | 9 | 0.80 | - | 3 | 0.156 | 0.36 |
 No alcohol intervention offered |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98.1 | – | 463 | 99.2 | - | 394 |  | (1.92) |
 Attended alcohol intervention |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66.7 | – | 2 | 0.00 | - | 0 | 0.889 | – |
 Did not attend alcohol intervention |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33.3 | – | 4 | 100 | - | 2 |  | – |
 Times visited accident and emergency department |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.13 | 0.46 | 532 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 446 | 0.439 | 0.05 |
 Times admitted to accident and emergency department |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.15 | 0.38 | 57 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 42 | 0.319 | 0.20 |
 Times required an ambulance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.04 | 0.45 | 503 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 435 | 0.683 | −0.02 |
 Times admitted to hospital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.05 | 0.23 | 525 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 444 | 0.828 | 0.00 |
 Elective admissions to hospital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.95 | 0.69 | 21 | 0.84 | 0.68 | 18 | 0.637 | 0.16 |
 Non-elective admissions to hospital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.36 | 1.88 | 210 | 0.37 | 0.62 | 17 | 0.964 | −0.01 |
 Other times visited hospital (not including above) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.34 | 0.91 | 523 | 0.32 | 1.05 | 439 | 0.877 | 0.02 |
Social cognition variables | ||||||||||||||||
 Fruit and vegetables | ||||||||||||||||
 Affective attitude | 5.96 | 1.28 | 658 | 5.94 | 1.18 | 560 | 0.823 | −0.02 | 6.03 | 1.17 | 545 | 6.07 | 1.28 | 454 | 0.607 | 0.03 |
 Cognitive attitude | 6.78 | 0.77 | 656 | 6.75 | 0.71 | 559 | 0.380 | −0.04 | 6.82 | 0.70 | 543 | 6.77 | 0.64 | 454 | 0.212 | −0.07 |
 Subjective norm | 6.14 | 1.28 | 658 | 6.13 | 1.18 | 559 | 0.885 | −0.01 | 6.26 | 1.17 | 545 | 6.21 | 1.07 | 455 | 0.495 | −0.04 |
 Descriptive norm | 2.67 | 1.28 | 659 | 2.63 | 1.18 | 561 | 0.557 | −0.03 | 2.72 | 1.17 | 545 | 2.69 | 1.28 | 455 | 0.644 | −0.02 |
 Self-efficacy | 5.63 | 1.54 | 658 | 5.50 | 1.66 | 561 | 0.170 | −0.08 | 5.83 | 1.40 | 545 | 5.57 | 1.49 | 456 | 0.005 | −0.18 |
 Perceived control | 5.43 | 1.54 | 659 | 5.42 | 1.66 | 560 | 0.953 | −0.01 | 5.63 | 1.63 | 544 | 5.56 | 1.49 | 456 | 0.479 | −0.04 |
 Intention | 4.68 | 1.79 | 657 | 4.79 | 1.65 | 558 | 0.235 | 0.06 | 4.93 | 1.63 | 540 | 4.96 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.843 | 0.02 |
 Planning | 5.00 | 1.79 | 657 | 4.93 | 1.66 | 560 | 0.564 | −0.04 | 5.14 | 1.63 | 544 | 5.14 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.998 | 0.00 |
 Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||
 Affective attitude | 5.65 | 1.54 | 659 | 5.61 | 1.66 | 560 | 0.680 | −0.03 | 5.73 | 1.40 | 545 | 5.76 | 1.49 | 454 | 0.742 | 0.02 |
 Cognitive attitude | 6.80 | 0.77 | 658 | 6.77 | 0.71 | 561 | 0.539 | −0.04 | 6.84 | 0.70 | 544 | 6.77 | 0.64 | 454 | 0.105 | −0.10 |
 Subjective norm | 6.07 | 1.28 | 659 | 6.09 | 1.18 | 560 | 0.821 | 0.02 | 6.20 | 1.17 | 545 | 6.21 | 1.07 | 455 | 0.894 | 0.01 |
 Descriptive norm | 3.68 | 1.28 | 659 | 3.78 | 1.42 | 561 | 0.202 | 0.07 | 3.86 | 1.40 | 544 | 3.83 | 1.28 | 454 | 0.706 | −0.02 |
 Self-efficacy | 5.68 | 1.54 | 658 | 5.57 | 1.42 | 561 | 0.198 | −0.07 | 5.88 | 1.40 | 545 | 5.71 | 1.49 | 456 | 0.049 | −0.12 |
 Perceived control | 5.60 | 1.54 | 658 | 5.59 | 1.66 | 561 | 0.886 | −0.01 | 5.73 | 1.63 | 545 | 5.65 | 1.49 | 455 | 0.441 | −0.05 |
 Intention | 5.34 | 1.80 | 660 | 5.43 | 1.66 | 560 | 0.364 | 0.05 | 5.32 | 1.87 | 545 | 5.47 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.158 | 0.08 |
 Planning | 4.98 | 1.80 | 658 | 5.00 | 1.89 | 560 | 0.902 | 0.01 | 5.22 | 1.87 | 544 | 5.19 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.788 | −0.02 |
 Binge drinking | ||||||||||||||||
 Affective attitude | 3.17 | 1.80 | 659 | 3.08 | 1.89 | 560 | 0.379 | 0.05 | 3.02 | 1.87 | 545 | 3.03 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.944 | −0.01 |
 Cognitive attitude | 1.82 | 1.03 | 658 | 1.68 | 0.95 | 561 | 0.019 | 0.14 | 1.68 | 0.93 | 543 | 1.68 | 1.07 | 454 | 0.998 | 0.00 |
 Subjective norm | 2.43 | 1.54 | 659 | 2.33 | 1.42 | 560 | 0.275 | 0.07 | 2.36 | 1.40 | 543 | 2.40 | 1.49 | 455 | 0.694 | −0.03 |
 Descriptive norm | 5.63 | 1.28 | 659 | 5.60 | 1.42 | 561 | 0.616 | 0.02 | 5.57 | 1.17 | 545 | 5.71 | 1.28 | 455 | 0.071 | −0.11 |
 Self-efficacy | 6.13 | 1.28 | 658 | 6.16 | 1.42 | 561 | 0.783 | −0.02 | 6.20 | 1.40 | 545 | 6.15 | 1.28 | 456 | 0.574 | 0.04 |
 Perceived control | 5.68 | 1.80 | 659 | 5.76 | 1.66 | 561 | 0.400 | −0.05 | 5.82 | 1.63 | 543 | 5.89 | 1.71 | 455 | 0.461 | −0.04 |
 Intention | 3.38 | 1.80 | 658 | 3.24 | 1.89 | 558 | 0.210 | 0.08 | 3.28 | 1.86 | 543 | 3.19 | 1.92 | 455 | 0.434 | 0.05 |
 Planning | 4.87 | 2.05 | 657 | 4.79 | 2.13 | 560 | 0.478 | −0.04 | 4.99 | 2.10 | 543 | 4.84 | 2.13 | 455 | 0.244 | −0.07 |
 Smoking | ||||||||||||||||
 Affective attitude | 1.55 | 1.28 | 658 | 1.54 | 1.18 | 560 | 0.940 | 0.01 | 1.32 | 0.70 | 537 | 1.35 | 0.69 | 525 | 0.491 | −0.04 |
 Cognitive attitude | 1.27 | 0.77 | 658 | 1.26 | 0.71 | 559 | 0.648 | 0.01 | 1.59 | 1.17 | 545 | 1.53 | 1.28 | 455 | 0.398 | 0.05 |
 Subjective norm | 1.31 | 0.77 | 658 | 1.30 | 0.71 | 559 | 0.854 | 0.01 | 1.35 | 0.93 | 545 | 1.35 | 0.85 | 455 | 0.940 | 0.00 |
 Descriptive norm | 4.01 | 1.54 | 658 | 3.98 | 1.42 | 561 | 0.709 | 0.02 | 4.04 | 1.40 | 545 | 4.16 | 1.49 | 455 | 0.169 | −0.08 |
 Self-efficacy | 6.53 | 2.05 | 658 | 6.52 | 1.18 | 561 | 0.899 | 0.01 | 6.48 | 1.17 | 545 | 6.55 | 1.28 | 456 | 0.384 | −0.06 |
 Perceived control | 5.46 | 2.05 | 659 | 5.33 | 1.89 | 561 | 0.272 | 0.07 | 5.52 | 1.86 | 543 | 5.54 | 1.92 | 454 | 0.864 | −0.01 |
 Intention | 1.56 | 1.28 | 658 | 1.58 | 1.42 | 558 | 0.826 | −0.01 | 1.67 | 1.40 | 545 | 1.59 | 1.28 | 455 | 0.322 | 0.06 |
 Planning | 5.86 | 2.05 | 658 | 5.79 | 1.89 | 560 | 0.524 | −0.04 | 5.81 | 1.86 | 542 | 5.69 | 1.92 | 454 | 0.342 | −0.06 |