Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
Age of at least 18 years | Previous surgery in the index or adjacent level |
Chronic low back pain (visual analogue scale at least 3 out of 10 at rest and at least 5 out of 10 under physical strain) after having failed conservative treatment for at least 3 months | Indication for fusion of more than 2 levels |
Indication for monosegmental or bisegmental minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion due to degenerative disc disease or instability, including spondylolisthesis according to Meyerding grade I and II within L2 and S1 | Spondylodiscitis, traumatic instability, osteoporotic vertebral body fractures, neoplasm, or spondylolisthesis according to Meyerding grade III and IV of the index level(s) |
Spinal scoliosis with a Cobb angle of more than 10° in the index level(s) |