At least one of each of the following symptoms and signs in the last 12 months:a | |
---|---|
Symptoms | Signs |
â–ª Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | â–ª Pulmonary rales (post cough) |
▪ Orthopnea | ▪ Jugular venous pressure (JVP) ≥5 cm above sternal angle |
â–ª Dyspnea upon mild or moderate exertion | â–ª Lower extremity oedema |
 | ▪ Chest x-ray demonstrating pleural effusion, pulmonary congestion, or cardiomegaly |