Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Aged 3 to 65, either male or female | Mental disorder, drug dependence and drug abuse |
Participants sustained 1-70% of TBSA burns or other injury requiring dressing procedure | Unconscious and unable to express pain by Changhai pain scale (VAS) |
Recent worst pain (during dressing) reported to be 4 or higher (on a scale of 0 to 10) | Abdominal distension or suspected bowel obstruction, air embolism, pneumothorax, decompression sickness, epilepsy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory infection, pregnancy, severe inhalation injury; pharmaceutical or pathological pulmonary fibrosis; Maxillofacial injuries |
The participants are volunteers and written consent obtained | |
Burns or injured area not affecting the vital signs and digital pulse oximeter monitoring | Disease involving ear, nose, larynges such as sinuses, middle ear, tympan graft |