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Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

From: START NOW - a comprehensive skills training programme for female adolescents with oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Inclusion criteria

Female adolescents aged 12–20 years

Diagnosis of current CD (DSM code 312.8) and/or ODD (DSM code 313.81)

Sufficient writing and reading skills (in German or Dutch)

Exclusion criteria

History or current clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder according to ICD-10, DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 (autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, atypical autism, autism spectrum disorder)

History of or current clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia according to ICD-10, DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5

Current clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder or mania according to ICD-10, DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 (History of bipolar disorder or mania is not an exclusion criterion for individuals with CD.)

Fetal alcohol syndrome according to ICD-10, DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5

Known monogenetic disorder, genetic syndrome (e.g., fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome)

Any chronic or acute neurological disorder (e.g., cerebral palsy, motor problems due to motor or metabolic disorder, current treatment for epilepsy, history of severe traumatic brain injury) (Mild traumatic head injury without loss of consciousness is not an exclusion criterion.)

Any valid indication of IQ <70 (e.g., special education, previous test results)

Severe medical condition interfering with the intervention, including suicidal ideation

Concurrent group-based psychotherapeutic treatment such as START NOW, DBT-A or similar interventions

  1. Abbreviations: CD Conduct disorder, DBT-A Dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescents, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, IQ Intelligence quotient, ODD Oppositional defiant disorder