Table 6 Intervention effects on anthropometric indicators and nutrient intake from baseline to 3 months (n = 67)

Weight change (kg)

Weighed (n = 19)

Weighed (n = 27)

Weighed (n = 21)

−1.9

[−3.6, −0.23]

−2.3

[−4.3, −0.40]

−0.4

[−1.9, 1.1]

−1.5 (3.3)

0.42 (2.4)

0.82 (2.7)

BMI change (kg/m²)

−0.55 (1.2)

0.16 (1.0)

0.33 (1.2)

−0.7

[−1.4, −0.06]

−0.88

[−1.65, −0.11]

−0.17

[−0.79, 0.44]

MAC change (cm)

Measured(n = 13)

Measured (n = 24)

Measured(n = 18)

−0.77

[−1.7, 0.14]

−0.67

[−1.9, 0.57]

−1.06 (1.5)

−0.29 (1.2)

−0.39 (1.8)

TSF change (mm)

Measured(n = 11)

Measured (n = 19)

Measured(n = 15)

1.15

[−0.26, 2.6]

−0.77

[−2.9, 1.38]

0.86 (1.5)

−0.29 (2.0)

1.6 (3.6)

MAMC change

n = 10

n = 19

n = 16

−1.17

[−2.2, −0.14]

−0.71

[−1.44, 0.02]

−1.36 (0.8)

−0.18 (1.5)

−0.65 (0.9)

HgD change (kg)

Measured (n = 7)

Measured (n = 17)

Measured (n = 6)

0.97

[−1.9, 3.9]

1.62

[−1.34, 4.65]

0.16 (2.4)

−0.82 (3.4)

−1.5 (2.5)

Change in energy intake (kcal)

Available(n = 18)

Available (n = 27)

Available(n = 21)

−380

[−550, −226]

−479

[−697, −263]

−99

[−281, 83]

−103 (275)

277 (250)

376 (375)

Change in protein intake (g)

Available(n = 18)

Available (n = 27)

Available(n = 21)

−2.3

[−8.9, 4.3]

−16

[−226, −9.4]

0.72 (6.5)

3 (12.9)

16.7 (12.5)

Change in fluid intake (ml)

Available(n = 18)

Available (n = 27)

Available(n = 21)

Mann–Whitney

Mann–Whitney

400 (100–500)*

100 (−20 - 400)*

250 (112.5 - 250)*

U = 164**

U = 110**