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Table 4 Outcomes of Ghana EMBRACE implementation research project

From: Ghana’s Ensure Mothers and Babies Regular Access to Care (EMBRACE) program: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

Study objective

Outcome variables

Methods

Data source

Intervention outcomes

To examine the effect of the EMBRACE interventions on CoC completion

1) CoC completion rate

Rate of mothers and their newborns who completed CoC: ANC 4 visits, delivery assisted by SBAs, PNC 3 times (within 48 hours, at 7 days, at 6 weeks postpartum)

Quantitative analysis

Interview using semi-structured questionnaire

Monitoring data

2) Rate of PNC within 48 hours

PNC rate of mothers and newborns within 48 hours postpartum by 24 hours retention at health facility or home visit

Quantitative analysis

Interview using semi-structured questionnaire

Monitoring data

To evaluate the impact of the interventions on MNCH status

3) Complication rate of mothers and newborns

Complication rates which require mothers’ and newborns’ hospitalizations for more than 24 hours

Quantitative analysis

Interview using semi-structured questionnaire

4) PMR and NMR

PMR: fetal deaths during any period of pregnancy and newborn death within 7 completed days after birth. Early NMR: neonatal deaths occurring during the first 7 days of life. Late NMR: neonatal deaths occurring after 7 days but before 28 completed days of life

Quantitative analysis

HDSS data

Interview using semi-structured questionnaire

Implementation outcomes

To evaluate the acceptability of the interventions in different settings in Ghana

1) Intervention coverage

Percentage of women covered by intervention

Quantitative analysis

Interview using semi-structured questionnaire

Monitoring data

2) Adoption

Percentage and types of settings and staff adopted in the intervention

Quantitative analysis

Monitoring data

Qualitative summary of key informant interviews

Supervision data

Notes from key informant interview

3) Fidelity

Adherence to the protocol and quality of intervention delivery

Quantitative analysis

Monitoring data

Qualitative summary of key informant interviews

Monthly meeting of project coordinators

Supervision data

Notes from key informant interview

Discussion notes of coordinators’ meetings

4) Implementation cost

Direct measures of implementation cost and additional expense of implementation costs

Quantitative summary

Costing format

5) Sustainability

Institutionalization of interventions or practice Passage, cycle or routine, and niche saturation

Discussions incorporating results of intervention research with project supervisors

Discussion notes of project meetings including district health officer

Notes from key informant interview with health workers and district health officers

Qualitative summary of key informant interviews

 
  1. ANC, antenatal care; CoC, Continuum of Care; HDSS, Health and Demographic Surveillance System; MNCH, maternal, newborn, and child health; NMR, neonatal mortality rate; PMR, perinatal mortality rate; PNC, postnatal care; SBA, skilled birth attendant.