Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
• >18 years of age | • Patients unable to comprehend instructions, consent, or co-operate with pain assessment |
• Undergoing liver resection using a subcostal incision (upper midline extension is allowed) | |
• Incision extends to allow visualization of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles | • Allergy to any study medications |
• Patient not able to be extubated postoperatively for any clinical reason | |
• Laparoscopic surgery | |
• Co-existing epidural or intrathecal analgesia | |
• Chronic pain disorders or on long-term opioids (greater than 1 month prior to operation) | |
• History of substance or alcohol abuse | |
• Transplant donor liver resections | |
Prior right subcostal incision |