Table 5 Cost and QALY estimates at baseline and follow-up by treatment arm
Variable/time point | Baseline: 12 months | Follow-up 1: 0 to 6 months | Follow-up 2: 6 to 12 months | Follow-up 3: 12 to 18 months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | |
Healthcare resources | ||||||||
GP visits: diabetes | 25 (68) | 19 (46) | 12 (38) | 9 (30) | 14 (36) | 7 (23) | 13 (42) | 14 (45) |
GP visits: other | 68 (98) | 58 (86) | 73 (122) | 56 (72) | 62 (81) | 56 (69) | 59 (103) | 58 (71) |
Diabetes nurse visits | 29 (28) | 24 (28) | 20 (33) | 16 (21) | 16 (30) | 12 (20) | 12 (19) | 12 (22) |
Diabetes nurse calls | 21 (48) | 17 (48) | 20 (38) | 15 (29) | 14 (34) | 13 (29) | 15 (33) | 12 (37) |
Dietitian visits | 9 (14) | 8 (18) | 7 (15) | 7 (13) | 7 (16) | 5 (11) | 4 (9) | 3 (8) |
Dietitian calls | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 7 (26) | 2 (8) | 3 (11) | 2 (12) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) |
Outpatient visits: diabetes | 143 (128) | 139 (110) | 85 (99) | 60 (98) | 85 (101) | 50 (89) | 83 (103) | 69 (104) |
Outpatient visits: other | 49 (122) | 66 (262) | 76 (282) | 55 (149) | 83 (218) | 54 (134) | 72 (158) | 83 (198) |
Inpatient days: diabetes | 228 (1199) | 139 (716) | 131 (792) | 19 (160) | 33 (251) | 21 (129) | 50 (362) | 90 (533) |
Inpatient days: other | 195 (860) | 324 (1913) | 242 (1230) | 80 (350) | 383 (1799) | 184 (853) | 161 (882) | 124 (593) |
A & E visits: diabetes | 23 (104) | 17 (74) | 10 (53) | 6 (56) | 2 (23) | 12 (58) | 8 (47) | 8 (47) |
A & E visits: other | 20 (79) | 30 (105) | 20 (80) | 41 (138) | 26 (96) | 31 (122) | 17 (69) | 29 (100) |
Chiropodist visits | 7 (13) | 6 (15) | 8 (15) | 5 (10) | 8 (15) | 6 (13) | 8 (17) | 6 (14) |
Diabetes centre visits | 229 (187) | 211 (194) | 172 (225) | 136 (156) | 156 (203) | 118 (153) | 133 (180) | 122 (156) |
Quick-acting insulin | 111 (55) | 102 (53) | 93 (50) | 88 (50) | 98 (47) | 88 (55) | 94 (48) | 94 (50) |
Background insulin | 94 (42) | 89 (52) | 77 (33) | 69 (36) | 78 (36) | 70 (35) | 80 (39) | 74 (42) |
Blood glucose tests | 270 (169) | 265 (141) | 317 (136) | 290 (102) | 323 (139) | 311 (137) | 327 (145) | 301 (145) |
Lipid lowering therapy | 76 (113) | 79 (114) | 78 (114) | 87 (117) | 82 (115) | 89 (117) | 80 (115) | 89 (117) |
Antiplatelet therapy | 26 (44) | 34 (48) | 31 (47) | 36 (49) | 30 (47) | 36 (49) | 28 (47) | 33 (48) |
Antihypertensive therapy | 36 (60) | 49 (65) | 26 (54) | 49 (65) | 30 (56) | 47 (64) | 28 (55) | 49 (65) |
Total cost | ||||||||
Total healthcare cost | 1,597 (1,549) | 1,643 (2,416) | 1,413 (1,347) | 1,189 (840) | 1,343 (1588) | 1,246 (1021) | 1,274 (1181) | 1,283 (1105) |
Health outcome | ||||||||
QALYs gained | 0.44 (0.09) | 0.43 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.08) | 0.44 (0.07) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.43 (0.07) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.44 (0.08) |