Whole grains and legumes (n = 92) | Refined rice (n = 93) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT (n = 41) | C allele (n = 51) | TT (n = 43) | C allele (n = 50) | |||||
Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | |
Glucose (mg/dL)∮ | 107.9 ± 2.67 | 97.9 ± 2.12*** | 107.7 ± 2.83 | 100.4 ± 2.54*** | 105.9 ± 2.21 | 108.8 ± 2.51†,e | 110.1 ± 2.39 | 111.5 ± 2.59f |
Insulin (uIU/mL)∮ | 9.96 ± 0.86 | 8.69 ± 0.65† | 9.49 ± 0.75 | 8.54 ± 0.76** | 9.54 ± 0.76 | 9.65 ± 0.76 | 9.49 ± 0.62 | 10.0 ± 0.77 |
HOMA-IR∮ | 2.61 ± 0.25 | 2.06 ± 0.16** | 2.46 ± 0.22 | 2.08 ± 0.21** | 2.51 ± 0.23 | 2.60 ± 0.24 | 2.52 ± 0.18 | 2.72 ± 0.25f |
Free fatty acid (uEq/L)∮ | 564.1 ± 34.8 | 567.0 ± 29.5 | 548.9 ± 28.5 | 583.8 ± 29.9 | 548.0 ± 30.0 | 549.8 ± 37.3 | 535.6 ± 24.4 | 558.7 ± 31.5 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL)∮ | 139.8 ± 7.56 | 123.6 ± 6.85*** | 186.7 ± 11.4a | 173.3 ± 16.8**,b | 137.1 ± 11.3 | 136.3 ± 11.5 | 170.9 ± 10.7c | 218.1 ± 21.7***,d,f |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)∮ | 52.3 ± 1.70 | 54.9 ± 1.94† | 48.6 ± 1.37 | 51.2 ± 1.51* | 55.1 ± 2.21 | 55.9 ± 1.98 | 48.2 ± 1.88c | 49.3 ± 1.93d |
ApoA-V (ng/dL)∮ | 225.8 ± 10.2 | 249.6 ± 14.0† | 190.0 ± 9.03a | 215.7 ± 9.70** | 241.2 ± 11.1 | 239.5 ± 12.7 | 194.9 ± 10.2c | 223.9 ± 9.92** |
Total energy expenditure (kcal/d) | 2050.8 ± 43.4 | 2046.2 ± 42.3 | 2047.2 ± 49.2 | 2037.8 ± 45.6 | 2018.5 ± 44.9 | 2009.7 ± 41.5 | 2066.4 ± 36.7 | 2055.0 ± 34.8 |
Estimates of daily nutrient intakes | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2261.8 ± 47.0 | 2266.0 ± 45.3 | 2205.2 ± 52.4 | 2189.4 ± 45.1 | 2128.6 ± 45.3 | 2120.3 ± 43.0 | 2213.5 ± 39.9 | 2204.6 ± 38.6 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 64.9 ± 0.93 | 58.9 ± 0.61*** | 65.4 ± 0.44 | 60.2 ± 0.59*** | 65.8 ± 0.82 | 65.0 ± 0.46e | 64.6 ± 1.02 | 64.0 ± 0.56f |
Protein (%) | 17.1 ± 0.41 | 20.1 ± 0.25*** | 17.4 ± 0.29 | 20.4 ± 0.25*** | 7.4 ± 0.22 | 17.3 ± 0.20e | 17.2 ± 0.37 | 16.7 ± 0.31f |
Fat (%) | 21.7 ± 0.59 | 24.7 ± 0.58*** | 21.6 ± 0.49 | 24.3 ± 0.55*** | 21.2 ± 0.43 | 21.8 ± 0.50e | 21.4 ± 0.61 | 21.2 ± 0.46 f |
Crude fiber (g)∮ | 8.86 ± 0.46 | 11.9 ± 0.58*** | 10.7 ± 0.64 | 13.4 ± 0.79*** | 10.4 ± 0.65 | 10.6 ± 0.70 | 10.3 ± 0.71 | 10.0 ± 0.52f |
PUFA/SFA∮ | 1.59 ± 0.14 | 1.82 ± 0.12* | 1.65 ± 0.13 | 1.85 ± 0.11* | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 1.73 ± 0.15 | 1.65 ± 0.14 | 1.49 ± 0.13f |