Skip to main content

Table 2 Biochemical analysis data and estimates of daily nutrient intake according to diets and APOA5 -1131 T > C genotype at baseline and 12 weeks

From: Consumption of whole grains and legumes modulates the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131C variant on changes in triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-V concentrations in patients with impaired fasting glucose or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

 

Whole grains and legumes (n = 92)

Refined rice (n = 93)

 

TT (n = 41)

C allele (n = 51)

TT (n = 43)

C allele (n = 50)

 

Baseline

12 weeks

Baseline

12 weeks

Baseline

12 weeks

Baseline

12 weeks

Glucose (mg/dL)

107.9 ± 2.67

97.9 ± 2.12***

107.7 ± 2.83

100.4 ± 2.54***

105.9 ± 2.21

108.8 ± 2.51†,e

110.1 ± 2.39

111.5 ± 2.59f

Insulin (uIU/mL)

9.96 ± 0.86

8.69 ± 0.65

9.49 ± 0.75

8.54 ± 0.76**

9.54 ± 0.76

9.65 ± 0.76

9.49 ± 0.62

10.0 ± 0.77

HOMA-IR

2.61 ± 0.25

2.06 ± 0.16**

2.46 ± 0.22

2.08 ± 0.21**

2.51 ± 0.23

2.60 ± 0.24

2.52 ± 0.18

2.72 ± 0.25f

Free fatty acid (uEq/L)

564.1 ± 34.8

567.0 ± 29.5

548.9 ± 28.5

583.8 ± 29.9

548.0 ± 30.0

549.8 ± 37.3

535.6 ± 24.4

558.7 ± 31.5

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

139.8 ± 7.56

123.6 ± 6.85***

186.7 ± 11.4a

173.3 ± 16.8**,b

137.1 ± 11.3

136.3 ± 11.5

170.9 ± 10.7c

218.1 ± 21.7***,d,f

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

52.3 ± 1.70

54.9 ± 1.94

48.6 ± 1.37

51.2 ± 1.51*

55.1 ± 2.21

55.9 ± 1.98

48.2 ± 1.88c

49.3 ± 1.93d

ApoA-V (ng/dL)

225.8 ± 10.2

249.6 ± 14.0

190.0 ± 9.03a

215.7 ± 9.70**

241.2 ± 11.1

239.5 ± 12.7

194.9 ± 10.2c

223.9 ± 9.92**

Total energy expenditure (kcal/d)

2050.8 ± 43.4

2046.2 ± 42.3

2047.2 ± 49.2

2037.8 ± 45.6

2018.5 ± 44.9

2009.7 ± 41.5

2066.4 ± 36.7

2055.0 ± 34.8

Estimates of daily nutrient intakes

        

Energy intake (kcal/d)

2261.8 ± 47.0

2266.0 ± 45.3

2205.2 ± 52.4

2189.4 ± 45.1

2128.6 ± 45.3

2120.3 ± 43.0

2213.5 ± 39.9

2204.6 ± 38.6

Carbohydrate (%)

64.9 ± 0.93

58.9 ± 0.61***

65.4 ± 0.44

60.2 ± 0.59***

65.8 ± 0.82

65.0 ± 0.46e

64.6 ± 1.02

64.0 ± 0.56f

Protein (%)

17.1 ± 0.41

20.1 ± 0.25***

17.4 ± 0.29

20.4 ± 0.25***

7.4 ± 0.22

17.3 ± 0.20e

17.2 ± 0.37

16.7 ± 0.31f

Fat (%)

21.7 ± 0.59

24.7 ± 0.58***

21.6 ± 0.49

24.3 ± 0.55***

21.2 ± 0.43

21.8 ± 0.50e

21.4 ± 0.61

21.2 ± 0.46 f

Crude fiber (g)

8.86 ± 0.46

11.9 ± 0.58***

10.7 ± 0.64

13.4 ± 0.79***

10.4 ± 0.65

10.6 ± 0.70

10.3 ± 0.71

10.0 ± 0.52f

PUFA/SFA

1.59 ± 0.14

1.82 ± 0.12*

1.65 ± 0.13

1.85 ± 0.11*

1.76 ± 0.15

1.73 ± 0.15

1.65 ± 0.14

1.49 ± 0.13f

  1. Means ± S.E. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment, PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.
  2. tested by logarithmic transformation.
  3. a P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at whole grains and legumes at baseline.
  4. b P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at whole grain treatment at 12 week follow-up.
  5. c P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at refined rice at baseline.
  6. d P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
  7. e P < 0.05 comparison between TT at whole grain and refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
  8. f P < 0.05 comparison between C allele at whole grain and refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
  9. P < 0.1, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 compared with the level at baseline in each group by paired t-test.