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Table 2 Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for key perinatal indicators

From: Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for perinatal outcomes from five cluster-randomised controlled trials in low and middle-income countries: results and methodological implications

Project

Country

Perinatal Care Project

Rural Bangladesh

Ekjut

Rural India

City Initiative for Newborn Health

Urban India

MaiMwana

Malawi

MaiKhanda*

Malawi

Neonatal mortality

     

Neonatal deaths

314

518

127

187

357

Live births

8503

8819

8283

6688

12499

Neonatal deaths, % of live births

3.7

5.9

1.5

2.8

2.9

Neonatal mortality rate, per 1000 live births

37.0

58.7

15.3

28.0

28.6

Stata-one way ICC stratum-averaged (95% CI)

0.00055 (0-0.00316)

0.00099 (0-0.00591)

-

0.00247 (0-0.00605)

0.00034 (0-0.00346)

Stata-one way k

0.15

0.13

-

0.29

0.15

Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI)

0.00055(0-0.0024)

0.00099 (0-0.00442)

0.0004 (0-0.0041)

0.00309 (0-0.0070)

0.00094 (0-0.00263)

Donner and Klar k

0.12

0.13

0.16

0.33

0.18

Stillbirths

     

Stillbirths

298

270

106

116

406

Births

8801

9089

9719

6804

12905

Stillbirths, % of births

3.4

3.0

1.1

1.7

3.1

Stillbirth rate, per 1000 births

33.9

29.7

10.9

17.0

31.5

Stata-one way stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI)

0.00000 (0-0.00224)

0.00012 (0-0.00307)

-

0.00000 (0-0.00148)

0.00206 (0-0.00590)

Stata one way k

0.00

0.06

-

0.00

0.25

Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI)

0.00000 (0-0.00062)

0.00012 (0-0.00250)

0.0013 (0-0.0055)

0.000 (0-0.0015)

0.00242 (0.00002-0.00482)

Donner and Klar k

0

0.06

0.34

0.00

0.27

Maternal mortality

     

Maternal deaths

19

68

21

32

42

Livebirths

8503

8819

8283

6710

12499

Maternal deaths, % of live births

0.22

0.77

0.25

0.48

0.33

Maternal mortality ratio, per 100 000 livebirths

223.4

771.1

219.8

476.9

336

Stata-one way ICC (95% CI)

0.00008 (0-0.00014)

0.00051 (0-0.00382)

-

0.00000 (0-0.00150)

0.00031 (0, 0.00172)

Stata-one way k

0.19

0.26

-

0.00

0.10

Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI)

0.00005 (0-0.00082)

0.00071 (0-0.00383).

0.0034 (0-0.010)

0.000 (0-0.0015)

0.00333 (0.00044-0.00622)

Donner and Klar k

0.16

0.30

1.16

0.00

0.99

Four antenatal check-ups (ANC)

     

Mother received 4 or more ANC check-ups %, (N)

15.1% (8189)

23.4% (8867)

84.2% (7834)

26.6% (6436)

Not collected

Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI)

0.04849 (0-0.18522)

0.15444 (0.30298-0.31837)

0.0211 (0-0.06073)

0.03010 (0.00398-0.05623)

-

K

0.52

0.71

0.06

0.29

-

Skilled birth attendance

     

Births attended by a nurse or doctor % (N)

15.2% (8801)

23.3% (9089)

87% (7834)

41.9% (6788)

52.9% (12853)

Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI)

0.03233 (0.00831-0.00319)

0.04103 (0.00594-0.14733)

0.02522 (0-0.07051)

0.15243 (0.04186-0.26300)

0.12699 (0.06411, 0.18926)

K

0.42

0.36

0.06

0.46

0.34

Postnatal check-up

     

Infants received a postnatal check-up % (N)

20.9% (8128)

6.3% (8301)

56.5% (7711)

30.9% (5949)

-

Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI)

0.03558 (0-0.12604)

0.01873 (0-0.05687)

0.01566 (0-0.04627)

0.23066 (0.07948-0.38185)

-

K

0.36

0.52

0.11

0.72

-

Exclusive breastfeeding (1 st 6 weeks)

     

Infants exclusively breastfed for the first 6 weeks % (N)

62.6% (8128)

62.3% (8301)

64.7% (7711)

9.2% (3749)**

-

Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI)

0.01286 (0-0.04821)

0.09163 (0.0006-0.23459)

0.01341 (0-0.04062)

0.03746 (0.00351-0.07140)

-

K

0.08

0.23

0.09

0.61

-

Uptake of antenatal HIV testing

     

Uptake of HIV testing % (N)

-

-

-

39.2% (6624)

-

ICC (95% CI)

-

-

-

0.05457 (0.00950-0.09964)

-

K

-

-

-

0.29

-

Use of insecticide-treated bednets during pregnancy

     

Use of insecticide-treated bednets & (N)

-

-

-

48.1% (6678)

-

ICC (95% CI)

 

-

-

0.06059 (0.01105-0.11013)

-

K

 

-

-

0.26

-

  1. ICC: intracluster correlation coefficient; k: coefficient of variation.
  2. * MaiKhanda data are provisional as verification of deaths and follow-up of missing women are still ongoing.
  3. ** MaiMwana collected data on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.